Cultural Imperialism Culture, Power, And Representation

The term cultural imperialism has often been used when describing certain aspects of the media industry. Cultural imperialism can be seen as the imbalance of culture, power and representation, favouring the socially dominant and influential. The cultural hegemony of these powerful industrialised or economically influential countries is thought to be able to both determine general cultural values and homogenise different societies globally. Although not restricted to media, cultural imperialism is in theory aided by the media’s ability to express culture. Many would argue, however, that this term in many ways no longer applies to contemporary media culture. Although media power structures from the past still have a certain amount of influence, recent trends suggest that relationships between different global media producers and consumers is more complex than what is implied by the term cultural imperialism. Media does not simply flow in a single direction in the present-day, bu t is often a complex ocean of inter-related currents and counter-currents. Thus, while the balance between cultures is not entirely equal, the term cultural imperialism is not an entirely adequate word to describe today’s media cultures. Historically, global media flows have moved in a singular direction from the developed west to other less developed nations. This unidirectional and unbalanced flow of media could be seen as a form of cultural imperialism. The use of organisations like Reuters, whichShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Imperialism1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe primary objective of this chapter is to explore the cries of cultural imperialism, how this operates through the comics as those of The Phantom by Lee Falk, Flash Gordon by Alex Raymond and Tintin by Herge and how they have discovered more prominent support from overseas readers, both as daily paper/magazine comics series and also in the form of comic books. In no place has these comics been appreciated more enthusiastically than in Australia, India and Sweden and the other earstwhile colonisedRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On The Global World1550 Words   |  7 Pagestransferred from a dominating power onto other cultures with lesser global influence. The Disney media conglomerate yields an unprecedented amount of control over the means of media consumption on a global scale. As Souad Belkyr proposes in â€Å"Disney animation: Global diffusion and local appropriation of culture,† â€Å"Disney products function as an apparatus that potentially prescribe consumerist ideologies and individualistic ethics beneficial to the US as a group in power over dominated and less powerfulRead MoreRelationship between Postmodernism and Post colonialism1048 Words   |  5 PagesPostmodernism has been described as a new version of Western cultural imperialism. Discuss the relationship between postmodernism and postcolonialism. Postmodern theory been applauded as liberating, even democratising, in its rejection of absolutism and in its refusal to accept the dictates of hierarchy and certainty. It calls for the abandonment of the modernist qualities of objective truth, centralized knowledge, totalising explanations and determinacy . Rather, postmodern theory advocatesRead MoreCultural Imperialism : Western And Chinese Society1845 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"It is through cultural imperialism that Western nations are able to dominate the media †¦ allowing Western views to destroy their native cultures.† (Schiller, H. 1973) Western cultures are notorious for their domination over other cultures, exerting this power through the media. The front cover of India’s Elle magazine (March 2013) and McDonald’s 2012 Manly Man Beef advertisement in Beijing, are both texts that display the prominent influences of cultural imperialism in practice. This essay seeksRead MoreThe Persistence of Imperi alism Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Persistence of Imperialism Following World War II, the concrete nature of imperialism, or the subjection of people or groups based on a social, economical, or racial hierarchy, was seemingly in decline. For instance, India and Pakistan had both gained their independence from Britain in 1947 (p.761), and the French, though unwillingly, gave up their colonies in Vietnam (p.754), but with the development of the Cold War there became a need to ideologically separate the free â€Å"First World†, whichRead MoreThe Representation of Colonized People in Rudyard Kipling’s Poem â€Å"the White Man’s Burden†: an Unrealistic Representation3227 Words   |  13 Pagescolonialism and imperialism like the power of the British Empire over many colonized countries in the world. Thus, this imperial power had intensively engaged writers’ attention. Among those major writers is Rudyard Kipling. He is a British novelist and poet who was born in British India in 1865 and died in 1963. Though h e lived over thirteen years there, the reader finds that his works espouse the imperial ideology and he came to be recognized as a prophet of the British imperialism(Orwell 116)Read MoreRepresentation of the Other in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay4463 Words   |  18 PagesRepresentation of the ‘Other’ in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Abstract This study aims at examining the representation of the’ other’ as portrayed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre (1847). It attempts to inspect how the ‘Other’ is viewed in Nineteenth century England and the cultural ideology behind such specific representation. It poses crucial questions as to why the ‘Other’ is always represented negatively in main-stream western narrative as in the case of Bertha Mason who is portrayed asRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem My Mother Breed By Anita Desai1701 Words   |  7 PagesPatriarchal contaminations of societies submerge the unifying realm of female emancipation; masculine sovereignty suffocates the woman’s voice in the silence of the sacred seas. Secular literature documents the exclusion of the female gender in a cultural mosaic that recognizes the alliance between water and women. Post-colonial fiction, including Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Anita Desai’s Clear Light of D ay, and Jamaica Kincaid’s The Autobiography of My Mother breed a current of drowningRead More Globalisation - Australia and Asia Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagesrelations between communities as a result of globalization, and the understanding and recognition of other cultures through the interpretation of cultural borders. In this essay I will analyse to what extent globalisation is affecting identity formation, and also the roles of cultural borders in today’s world. I will assess whether through globalisation of the media we are in fact overcoming cultural borders and traditional stereotypes and in turn forging a mutual respect between foreign communities,Read MoreThe Multiculturalism Of The United States1036 Words   |  5 Pagesis whether multiculturalism in England provided a way to transcend the trauma of colonialism or whether it kept it very much alive. Although multiculturalism can be a positive element in cosmopolitan societies, joining together different races and cultures, it can also perpetuate the inherent racism of western societies. While England was becoming a more inclusive society, it was still a racist society. As England gradually withdrew its imperial tentacles, a sort of colonization in reverse occurred

U.S. Prison System and Its Populations Whites vs. Minorities

Course Project Outline Scenario #4 U.S. Prison System and its Populations: Whites vs. Minorities Kent Johnson SOCS350 Professor: Dr. J. Johnson June 7, 2010 Table of Contents General Statistics 3 Men vs. Women 4 Statistics: The Who and the Why 6 Black Judges vs. White Judges and Their Decisions 8 What is being done to reverse this Trend 10 References 11 Statistics In the prison system today, there has been an explosion of minorities being incarcerated for offenses that may not have gotten jail time if they had not been of a certain race. Although the overall numbers of incarcerations may have dropped just slightly for the first time in over 35 years, the amount of inmates†¦show more content†¦Many states have now revisited their policies on sentencing and release. That in turn has brought about some sweeping changes in how prisons content with parole and good behavior releases. Many states like Texas have gone as far as even increasing the grant rates for parole while shortening the terms of many of those that are given probation. These types of moves are one contributing factor in Texas being one state that has been able to reduce its overall prison populations for the past three years. Here is a map of states and the percentage increase/decrease of their perspective prison populations. Percentage Change in State Prison Populations , 2008 - 2009 | State | | | % CHG. | | | | | | | | | Alabama | | | 3.5 | | | Alaska | | | 3.8 | | | Arizona | | | 2.4 | | | Arkansas | | | 3.1 | | | California | | -2.5 | | | Colorado | | | -2.1 | | | Connecticut | | -4.6 | | | Delaware | | | -4.2 | | | Florida | | | 1.5 | | | Georgia | | | 1.6 | | | Hawaii | | | -1.1 | | | Idaho | | | 1.5 | | | Illinois | | | -0.7 | | | Indiana | | | 5.3 | | | Iowa | | | -3.2 | | | Kansas | | | 1.2 | | | Kentucky | | | -1.3 | | | Louisiana | | | 3.6 | | | Maine | | | 1.4 | | | Maryland | | | -5.6 | | | Massachusetts | | -2.2 | | |Show MoreRelatedInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents were minorities. Exposure to classmates who are poor has been rising for both Black and Hispanic students as well. While the average White student attends a school where poor students account for a quarter to a third of enrollment, the typical Black or Hispanic student attends a school where nearly two-thirds of their peers are low-income (Coley Baker, 2013) Race and the Law Maker Law Enforcement The incongruent treatment of minorities in the American criminal justice system begins at theRead MoreRacial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System: Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pagesthe American Criminal Justice System: Rates of Incarceration of Blacks vs. Whites No Equal Justice in the American Criminal Justice System Shawn Y. Williams Troy University-Fort Benning CJ 5571 Probation, Pardon, Parole Instructor’s: Dr. Ronald Craig April 28, 2007 Abstract Racial inequality is growing. Our criminal laws, while facially neutral, are enforced in a manner that is massively and pervasively biased. My research will examine the U.S. criminal justice policies andRead MoreA Brief Note On The American Criminal Justice System Essay2916 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 1 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 14 Racism in the American Criminal Justice System Mia Hayat Antioch University Abstract This paper discusses the social justice issue of discrimination in the American criminal justice system. It reveals the history behind the integrated racism in the system and its effect on people of color. The key organization, Black Lives Matters, addresses the issue and is critically analyzed. A new solution thatRead MoreMinority Identity1672 Words   |  7 Pagestheir group, the more likely they are to take interest in candidates and policies that further the advancement of their group. Minority status is not just based on a numerical scale of how many people, whether it be whites, blacks, Latinos, Asians etc. are accounted for, but is classified more by the benefits and privileges offered to different groups. Historically, minority groups have been exploited by majority groups for economic gain. For example, the enslavement of African-Americans and the takingRead MoreRacial Discrimination Within The Criminal Justice System1271 Words   |  6 Pagesfederal law that prohibits racial discrimination of the U.S. Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 work in concert to ensure that each resident’s chances in the pursuit of happiness are not damaged by their race. Although it is prohibited I believe that it is still an issue especially within the criminal justice system. I will support my answer with an ample amount of facts regarding racial discrimination within the criminal justice system. In Los Angeles in 1991 Rodney King was driving underRead MoreHow Criminal Justice System Works And How It Has Problems Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesbook, I was not aware of how criminal justice system works or how does it has problems. This book presents the how criminal justice works and how it has problems, in any kind of criminal just system from law enforcement to jury system, Especially against minorities. The introduction of book starts with how she starts to write this book. When she started her job at ACLU, she realized that our criminal justice system has racial bias against minorities. Most importantly, she realized that incarcerationRead MoreThe Federal Government Must Decriminalize Marijuana Essay2419 Words   |  10 Pages19th amendment to the U.S. constitution, known as prohibition, that marijuana became a widely used substance in the U.S.. A large part of the original fear and misrepresentation of marijuana was due to ethnic and racial concerns, especially in the southeastern United States. Immigrant populations moving from Mexico into the U.S. and some other groups such as Jamaicans and other West Indian transplants from the slave trade were introducing the weed into the population of the U.S. as a recreationalRead More Racial Discrimination and Disparity in the United States Justice System2733 Words   |  11 Pagescriminal justice system has been a longstanding debate in this county. According to Tonry (as cited in Cole Gertz, 2013) African Americans make up to 50% of the prison population but are only 12 % of the total United States population. Bobo and Thompson (2006) stated that Hispanics make up to 18 % of the prison population but are only 14 % of the total United States Population, while Caucasians make up to 75 % of the total population and are only 35 % of the prison population in American. (CokerRead More Black, Stop And Frisk, Racially Motivated Shootings1918 Words   |  8 Pagesprofiling in the U.S. remains a harsh reality that has resulted in an excessive share of minorities being questioned by law enforcement, a disproportionate arrest rate, and unequal treatment of African Americans. Under the guise of managing the war on drugs, law enforcement officials regularly pull drivers over solely due to skin color, which has led to an excessive share of minorities being questioned by law enforcement. At its foundation, these excessive stops of minorities are based on theRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Positional Investments Of Whiteness 2263 Words   |  10 Pagesmedian financial wealth of white, African American, and Latino households. The typical African American family has six cents in wealth, for every dollar in wealth that the typical white house hold has, overall the possessive investment as Liptiz describes as a measure to matian a possession of social power aka there invested interested in maintaining power over minorities and have taken action to protect that investment. Most of the time society thinks in terms of white vs black people, but in reality

4p’s of Euro Disneyland Free Essays

1. What factors contributed to EuroDisney’s poor performance during its first year of operations? Even though Disney has a theme song that says â€Å"It’s a small world after all†, the world remains quite diverse. The biggest factors that contributed to the poor performance during the first year of EuroDisney’s operations were: a poor understanding of the marketplace, the issues and the cultural differences between two nations and two differing approaches to business and life. We will write a custom essay sample on 4p’s of Euro Disneyland or any similar topic only for you Order Now The major factor was ethnocentrism of the American leaders counterbalanced by French national insecurities. I have to suggest that the powerful and perhaps arrogant leadership style of Michael Eisner contributed to the problems. Even so, the problems were wider than that. Assuming that people would come from all over Europe as part of the business plan but failing to comprehend how diverse those consumers would be was another major part of the problem. Even though Europe has recently united as the European Union, they have been strongly distinct and independent cultures for centuries. Disney failed to understand the French national character, their insecurities over cultural invasion after having been an occupied nation twice in the last century and their deep commitment to maintaining their identity and liberty. The arrogance of the French is based on insecurity as a global minority and the arrogance of the Americans was based on a wide open optimism and global success. The collision of the two ‘arrogancies’ was â€Å"formidable† as the French say. 2. To what degree do you consider that these factors were a) foreseeable, b) controllable by either EuroDisney or the parent company Disney? A study in history and an understanding of the characters of Europe and the European market place would have enabled the Disney executives to anticipate many of the problems. Some problems were controllable and others were inevitable. Those that were inevitable, however, needed an approach that would soften the reaction rather than exacerbate it. It was inevitable that the choice of France as the location would ruffle French feathers. Their history of occupation shaped their reaction. Their coolness to all things anglophile is legendary. If we simply consider an individual personality, it would be easily understandable that a proud woman who had been enslaved and brutalized might have some lingering issues with dominant behaviour and may especially have trouble looking into the eyes of her rescuers who had seen her at her worst. Even so, they chose France perhaps for its cache in the American psyche (more ethnocentricity). The dominance of the American executive insisting on only English being spoken was like pouring gas on the situation in a culture that monitors words which are absorbed from other languages by an official government body. The idea of pushing business according to an American ethos was an affront to the French who take their liberty and unionization very seriously. Coming from the union free Southern United States, the clash was profound. These were all quite predicable for anyone who cared to see beyond their own ways. 3. What role does ethnocentrism play in the story of EuroDisney’s launch? The truth is embodied in this seemingly ambiguous statement â€Å"you don’t know what you do not know†. The trap is that when you do not understand or know something there is no little red light that says â€Å"you don’t get it†. In fact, there is no perception at all that there is something missing. Ethnocentricity carries us deeply into this trap and Disney fell head long into it. They certainly had the resources to get marketing opinion from European sources that would have saved them millions in mistakes. I think though, that the powerful personality of Eisner, coming off of several victories where he forced his vision through the objections of the American business community to win big and be therefore validated set the entire EuroDisney enterprise up for failure. Eisner and his trusted team believed that any opposition or obstacle had to be overcome with strength of will and vision and that collaboration would not serve the vision well. Add to this the spectacular success of Disney in Tokyo and all of his personal input verified his approach. Unfortunately, it takes three points to make a pattern and he had only 2. Consultation was the only way to avoid the nightmares encountered in France. The culture was so different from America or Japan that there was little frame of reference in common. Believing all Europeans enjoyed the same sausage or Europeans vacationed in the same way that Americans did was easily corrected by cultural awareness that would not have cost much but they were too ethnocentric to even know the questions to ask. I imagine they had no ears for those who tried to tell them. Sausage might just be sausage to Eisner who probably did not eat it but to Europeans, it is as distinct as different wines. Attempting to impose American values, such as nondrinking on the French or appearance rules would have been easily understood as a mistake if they had even asked. I also know from a course in Children’s literature that the Disney version of fairytales like Cinderella were almost unrecognizable to those who had grown up on the European (original) versions of the stories. Thus, Disney did not even have the transfer of cultural understanding in the tales that they assumed that they had. 4. How do you assess the cross-cultural marketing skills of Disney? I imagine that they are significantly better now but they were dismally unequal to the task at the time. They simply did not do their homework. In a nation of couturier fashion and elegance, to emphasize size and glamour was ‘tres gauche†. Bigger and better is a selling feature of the American psyche not of the French. They eat one croissant not a dozen donuts. They buy one designer handbag rather than 6 knock offs. The assumption of a common bond over fairytales was erroneous. The belief that the society functioned like the American society was just wrong because the French are highly unionized, and quite highly socialized in a political sense. Liberty and independence are even more ingrained among the French than the Americans. They believe they invented the concepts and the Americans high jacked them for their constitution. 5. Why did success in Tokyo predispose Disney management to be too optimistic in their expectations of success in France? Discuss In Japan Disney found an insatiable curiosity about American ways and American forms of play because of the rebuilding of Japan by the Americans who dropped the bombs on Hiroshima- their conquerors. Japan had been broken by and then rebuilt upon an American capitalistic model. (Please do not read criticism into this. I am not sure Truman had any choice given the personality and military spirit of Japan). The Japanese had been inundated with American cultural icons since world war two and Disney cartoons were a staple in Japanese experience. The success of Disney was more the success of the Japanese people at adapting to a new world after defeat than a triumph of marketing and cultural understanding. Unfortunately, the success without much cooperation, deeper understanding or adaptation led to the false belief in the Disney magic touch world wide. How to cite 4p’s of Euro Disneyland, Essay examples

Business Communication Strategies and Services

Question: Discuss about the Business Communication for Strategies and Services. Answer: Introduction: As the cyberspace and the world of internet and online has been developing, so have the chances for trades to market to clients electronically have grown. Among the most famous kinds of cyber marketing strategies some of which have been defined as (Lake, 2016): Affiliate marketing: It includes trades paying money to other people or organizations to encourage their goods and services on their website. This usually includes placing a poster advertisement on other website, with those hosts being paid founded on the number of clients who click on the advertisement and makes procurement (Jones, 2012). The act of selling a good of somebody else, or having somebody else selling an individuals good for them. This was the internet equal of having a specially made sales job. The individual who sells the good may use one or all of the tools on this list in order to sell an associate good. Inbound Marketing: It includes online content like social media and podcasts for attracting new clients. As opposite to outbound marketing, like purchasing advertisements and sending out emails, this strategy rotates around trades making their own content that expectantly draws customers in. Once those people get in, trades could initiate tailoring their message as per the need of clients (Shjarback, 2014). Pay-Per-Click Advertising: Also termed as search engine marketing, this strategy was included when trade place advertisements on search engine sites like Google and Yahoo. The advertisements were frequently positioned in special top or side panels that divided out for paid advertisements. A number of search engines propose trades the chance to bid on the advertisement space on their pages. The business that was eager to pay the most each time an Internet consumer clicks on the advertisement gets the mark (Brooks, 2013). Social Media Marketing: It rotates around promoting a trade by way of a number of social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram, and many more. This includes making dedicated pages for the trade on each website and making content that draws in groups that could ultimately be rehabilitated to paying clients (Brown, 2013). While one true united meaning of Social Media marketing subsists, many have held the utilization of social platforms to endorse their brand. If an individual was to define the starting procedure of social media marketing then he would look at a number of social media channels in a very same manners as a traditional media buyer. Advantages and disadvantages of cyber space instead of traditional marketing strategies All trades must put into practice marketing plans to create a center of attention of clients, make a reputation and stay spirited in the marketplace. Marketing utensils series from conventional ways, such as turn out, ad and broadcast publicity, to high-tech chances such as web-based, interactive and email marketing plans. Advantages of using cyber space instead of traditional methods of marketing: Cyber marketing was simple to be traced. A Software email advertising agendas could compute the number of individuals who see a note and with the matter of electronic dealings and also traces the number of advertisements that lead to purchases. Like the orders placed must be traced by writing down the order number or name (Business knowledge Source, 2017). Traditional advertising on the other hand was trickier to track as unless a dealer conducts focus groups and reviews to measure which advertising means of transportations generate the most leads. Like the advertisement procedure was done by word of mouth so it could not be traced easily (Duggan, 2017). Immediacy: Cyber marketing was immediate in nature as while an individual could still put time and thought into the substance and design procedure, advertising campaigns could be put into practice at the click of a mouse. Like ads on websites popouts (Toegel and Barsoux, 2016). While on the other hand the traditional method of marketing includes produce and transmit marketing tools need time to go from idea to complete goods and release. Drafts must be finished, mock-up or evaluation of demonstration ads and then publicity time slots and post resolute. Even when the message was in position, broadcast matter do not arrive at the full proposed spectators all at one time, and mail marketing substance which take time to turn up at their place. Like printing of ads in newspaper and magazines (Higuera, 2017). But at the same time there has been some lacunaes in the marketing of cyberspace against the traditional methods of marketing which have been there from past so many years. The disadvantages may be defined as: Knowledge of trade Cyberspace methods were subject to customers having access to an online way of communication and being internet savvy. But with traditional method any individual with a newspaper or magazine could learn a trade or services provided by an organization (McQuerry, 2017). Funds: In Cyberspace marketing, clients go online to fund ones trade or service and in demographics the cyberspace marketing never was without technology at their fingertips, such as youngsters and adults who may be simpler to be in reach by way of mobile cyber marketing operations. In traditional marketing an individual bring ones trade or service to potential clients with print ads and other traditional methods. For instance, Television and radio were traditional opportunities which still were used in a wide manner. Broadcast marketing reaches up to a large number of people within a short span of time. Television ads also bring legitimacy and practicality to a good as individuals could see how the good works. Also, the Traditional marketing may be more effectual in attainment of target individuals that dont use electronic means on a daily basis or act their trade by way of online. For instance, a senior person who favors to get her news by way of the day to day newspaper would be simpler to arrive at via print advertisements, while a kid who observes afternoon cartoons would be simpler to reach through tv advertisements. Cross Cultural Communication and Interpersonal miscommunication The meaning of the word cross-cultural communication have been described as the ability of an individual to effectively shape, promote, and perk up associations with employees of a culture which was diverse from one's own culture (Asia Expart Guide, 2013). It was founded on the facts of a number of factors, such as the values of other culture, insights, ways, social structure, and decision-making practices, and an perceptive of how employees of the group converse--orally, non-orally, in person, in writing, and in a number of trade and social ways, to name but a few (Le Baron, 2003). For example, an Indian person of hindu community taking to a African individual who speaks French. Intercultural miscommunication has been defined as a situation when there was a breakdown in communication among two speakers of two diverse cultures and languages due to educational dissimilarities and/or sociolinguistic transmit (Global Business Leader, 2013). Similarly, the repeated circumstances of misinterpretations in intercultural communication may be more ordinary then one may consider. The probabilities for misunderstandings among two different cultures communicating were very high (Ng, 2013). Through such things as expressions, translation mistakes, and incorrect body language outgoing skills could be inaccurate. When these intercultural mistakes takes place among the individuals talking or moving it may be professed by the contradictory culture as humorous, impolite or perplexing. Intercultural miscommunication includes a lengthy procedure of determining how the other person converse and make use of the language. There have been a number of situations and ways in which such intercultural communication could be overcome or improved such as: Breaking Assumptions: All the societies have different manner of doing work in relation to their culture and tradition. So, it has been examined in such situations that, though people should not make an assumption that the manner in which they converse was universally applicable to all societies in which they communicate. Like, in a society it may be a manner of showing contentment and leisure while in other society it may be a manner of showing disgrace or reproving a wicked act. So, individuals should break all probable assumptions regarding the utilization of signs and symbols too that differ from society to society. The adult generation has assumed modern manners of conversing through the utilization of technology like book and internet while the old people make use of print media and face to face contact. Involvement of Other people: An individual must always guarantee that the people from other cultural areas were incorporated in everyday communication in order to study and comprehend the cultures of one another. So, by this it could be appraised that working together with one another inculcates rapport with people of other cultures raises simplicity and proximity with them. So, it could be stated that involvement of other people assists the understanding of using or some words and signs. Also, it aids an individual to comprehend how diverse messages were construed by diverse societies. Empathizing with others: It states that a person should put him or herself into the place of the person from other cultures and makes an attempt to think and converse in their manner. An individual would institute very rapidly how main matter terms in conversing and how such terms were used without causing misunderstanding or communication crash. So, it has been stated that people must understand from their- point of view which was the simplest manner in which a person was able to study how such a society converses. With the facts of the culture in mind of an individual, the individual now creates a evaluation among the two cultures and simply identify what were the major factors that make the divergence in message and how they were conquer. It was only after one was put into other persons shoes that they feel where it touches and fits. Avoidance of Head Mentality In this case, it has been mentioned that though cultures could never be similar but individuals should always endeavor to guarantee that all cultures were treated with fairness which they earn. Effectual intercultural communication would be attained only when the people treat others cultures as identical and not to feel greater to other person. Like, an individual looks down on other cultures; it would be completely unfeasible for the people to comprehend their conversation since the individuals derides the weaker culture. But while coming to a concerned consideration would remain impracticable no matter how hard the person makes an effort. Such a situation makes a fantasy of pre-eminence and this makes the individual lose interest in knowing other cultures that further restricts the probability of enlarging intercultural relations. Conversation, both oral and written was a basic tool that makes it probable for individuals to carry out their daily acts. In the absence of effective communication develops misunderstanding. Individuals must value different backgrounds and accept that they would never be similar. Differences in cultural backgrounds must never be used to create barriers in communication, but instead be used to enhance it. Conclusion So, at the end it could be concluded that the above mentioned answers have briefly described that there have been a number of strategies which have been followed in marketing cyberspace. And the lacunas which exist in the interpersonal miscommunication may be overcome by having cross cultural conversation with other people in a peaceful manner. References Asia Expart Guide. (2013) Cross-cultural Communication: the Singapore Way. [Online] Asia Expart Guide. Available from: https://asiaexpatguides.com/cross-cultural-communication-singapore-way/ [Accessed on 13/1/17] Brooks, C. (2013) Internet Marketing Strategies Services. [Online] business News Daily. Available from: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5201-internet-marketing.html [Accessed on 13/1/17] Brown, T. (2013) six ways of improving intercultural communication - simply woman. [Online] Simply Woman. Available from: https://www.simplywoman.com/ways-of-improving-intercultural-communication/ [Accessed on 13/1/17] Business knowledge Source. (2017) Cyberspace Marketing. [Online] Business knowledge Source. Available from: https://businessknowledgesource.com/marketing/cyberspace_marketing_030081.html [Accessed on 13/1/17] Duggan, T. (2017) Strategies for Dealing With Intercultural Communication. [Online] Small Business. Available from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-dealing-intercultural-communication-11875.html [Accessed on 13/1/17] Global Business Leader. (2013) What IS the Culture in Intercultural Communication?. [Online] Global Business Leader. Available from: https://globalbizleader.com/what-is-the-culture-in-intercultural-communication/ [Accessed on 13/1/17] Higuera, V. (2017) Advantages Disadvantages of Traditional Marketing. [Online] Small Business. Available from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-traditional-marketing-25573.html [Accessed on 13/1/17] Jones, B.(2012) Types of Internet Marketing.[Online] Design and Promote. Available from: https://www.designandpromote.com/types-of-internet-marketing/ [Accessed on 13/1/17] Lake, L.(2016) Top 10 Internet Marketing Strategies. [Online] The Balance. Available from: https://www.thebalance.com/top-10-internet-marketing-strategies-2295375 [Accessed on 13/1/17] Le Baron, M. (2003) Cross-Cultural Communication. [Online] Beyond Intractability. Available from: https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/cross-cultural-communication [Accessed on 13/1/17] McQuerry, L.(2017) Differences Between Traditional Marketing Vs. Cyber Marketing. [Online] Small Business. Available from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-traditional-marketing-vs-cyber-marketing-49715.html [Accessed on 13/1/17] Ng, N.J.W.(2013) Examining Singapores intercultural business communication using intercultural communication competency framework. School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Shjarback, J.(2014) What Are Different Types Of Internet Marketing Strategies.[Online] Business 2 Community. Available from: https://www.business2community.com/online-marketing/different-types-internet-marketing-strategies-0745176#G15ZZWOPuqvFrkbc.97 [Accessed on 13/1/17] Toegel, G. and Barsoux, J.L. (2016) 3 Situations where Cross-Cultural Communication Breaks Down.[Online] Harvard Business Review. Available from: https://hbr.org/2016/06/3-situations-where-cross-cultural-communication-breaks-down [Accessed on 13/1/17]

This paper will attempt to explain the plight face Essays

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Irish Politics essays

Irish Politics essays Irish Politics Today was written by Neil Collins and Frank McCann. This book was written in 1989 so is a little out of date. This book gives a very good outline of the history of Ireland, from when Ireland got its independence to the present day government. The book was very interesting and kept you attention the whole way through. The book covered every aspect of Ireland in a very general manner. There were not very many specific names other than the Presidents and the Taoiseach. Chapter one looks at the history of Ireland starting with its two jurisdictions Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Ireland got its independence in 1922. The book refers to the Republic of Ireland as the Republic. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. When the republic got its independence the island was divided into thirty-two counties. The Republic controlled twenty-six of those counties. France and America had a huge influence on the people of Ireland resisting the British. The first attempt to gain independence was in 1798. Wolfe Tone attempted to overthrow the British, but he failed both militarily and politically. The Great Famine between 1845 and 1851 killed one million people. This famine was a result of a failure in the potato crop. Around this time is when many Irish people came to America for new hope. In 1918 the parliament was formed called Dail Eireann by Sinn Fein the party that won the majority of seats in the 1918 election. The two major political parties today are Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. The Irish constitution was formed in 1937. This was when De Valera was the leader of Fianna Fail and the Taoiseach or Prime Minister. Ireland in the World economy is in the semi-periphery or intermediate in status. Industry is locally owned and financed. Their economy in 1900 was dependent on agriculture, and is weak because of their lack of raw materials. Irelands main export was live cattle to...

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Marketing Planning Is A Logical Sequence Of Events Marketing Essay

Marketing Planning Is A Logical Sequence Of Events Marketing Essay Marketing planning is a logical sequence of events leading to the setting of marketing objectives and a formulation of plans for achieving them. The complexity of marketing planning means that when organizations embark on it, they should expect to encounter a number of organizational, attitudinal, process and cognitive problems. First we have generally explained the process of and techniques used for auditing the marketing environment. Then we have carried out the Swot and Pest analysis of our selected organization CHIEF. Chief is a Pakistani owned fast food company that is committed to providing innovative products that are consumer and lifestyle focused. Chief Burger offers a wide and varied menu to customers specializing in quality burger chicken products. We have also generally discussed different internal and external barriers to marketing planning and make suggestion that how CHIEF may overcome these barriers to marketing planning. We have briefly discussed that according to w hich techniques CHIEF should audit the marketing environment. We have also discussed other possible marketing barriers which CHIEF may undertake and give suggestions to deal with these barriers. Finally we have evaluated the current auditing marketing technique which CHIEF is practicing against the defined process and on these analysis, recommended some suggestions to CHIEF that may better overcome the threats and avail opportunities in the environment. P1: Explain the processes and techniques used for auditing the marketing environments. Environmental Audit   Background Companies conduct environmental audits to obtain accurate comprehensive and meaningful information for the company through which companys management can make important decisions and make new strategies. A companys management decisions are heavily based on environmental audit.    Planning an Environmental Audit   Companies must have a clear idea of their objectives before conducting an environmental audit. Before conducting the audit they should also take full commitments from directorate level and should then communicate it to personnel at all levels.  Ã‚   PROCESS OF MARKETING AUDIT Basically there are following four steps involved in the process of marketing audit. A: Selecting the Auditor: in this stage of marketing audit the decision is taken about the auditor that who will conduct the overall process of auditing. Usually an experienced outside party is hired for this purpose.   B: Deciding the Areas of Audit: the second step is deciding the areas of audit. In these step objectives goals and mainly scope and breadth of the audit are decided. C: Identifying and Collecting Data: in this step the auditors usually identifies and categorizes the sources of data thus using these sources further data is collected. D: Report Preparing and Presentation: the last step involves the preparing of data. After it is completed and thoroughly checked it is further provided and presented to the client. The process of marketing audit is very broad and extensive in nature in a way that it includes almost all marketing related aspects. It basically includes marketing environment marketing strategy marketing organization marketing systems marketing mix, marketing productivity and profitability. Kotlers and Armstrong, 2008 Marketing environment is very wide in nature. Basically it includes microenvironment and macro environment. So for the auditing purpose different tools are used which may include SWOT analysis STEEPLED analysis and Five Forces Analyses etc. There are also several other purposes and benefits of marketing audit. A number of these are stated as under: Determination of Work Process: one of the main purposes of marketing audit is that it is very beneficial in determining the working process. It determines and evaluates that what the company or firm is currently doing and assesses its history of work that what it has done in its past? Future Recommendations: marketing audits center of attention is its future recommendations for the firm. It bases its research for this purpose and accordingly provides useful recommendation for the future mechanisms. Thus it is not only useful for historical or current processes but it is also used for following sessions of business. Opportunity Hunting and exploiting them: likewise marketing audit it also pretty useful in hunting the opportunities that the firm can exploit. Thus different opportunities can be availed with proper handling. Similarly it can also identify the source to be used for availing those opportunities.   Weakness Eradicator: Nipping the evil in the buds would not be wrong if referred with marketing audit. Marketing audit not only helps in eliminating the current weaknesses but is also helpful in recognizing the weaknesses that the firm can face in future. Thus with the help of marketing audit proper plans can be set up for eradicating both the current and future weaknesses. Enhancement in Marketing Planning: marketing audit also plays a pivotal role in enhancing the marketing plan. It brings improvement in the marketing plan of a firm as required which results in making the firm more successful and thus it can work more efficiently and effectively. Similarly marketing audit is also very significant because: Marketing audit is really helpful in improving marketing efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover it brings proper awareness throughout the firm about its environment. It supports building of internal relationship in the firm. Similarly it is helpful in identifying ill-used marketing resources and thus preparing a proper plan for their favorable use. It is used for prognosis and diagnosis purpose, similarly for preventive and curative purposes. It also identifies several areas of accomplishment and the foreseeable challenges that are found in an organization which are a cause of affecting return on investment (ROI).  Ã‚   In short marketing audit provides a snapshot of the whole marketing process of an organization Internal Environmental Audit Following are some of the internal environmental factors which affect the organizations. Customers The customers of the organization are the micro environmental factor that affects the business environment. The customer is the king in this era and the organization has to create strategies  Ã‚   keeping in mind the customers. The cash and loss that are made by the organization are on the basis of customers.  Ã‚   Employees Employees are the main tools of a company. A capable and efficient staff of an organization gets edge over its rival. The staff of an organization will work efficiently if they are motivated so the employees must be motivated in order to create and maintain quality of the organizations products or services. Suppliers Suppliers also affect the organization environment. A bad quality of supply can degrade the quality of product that the company is providing. A good contact with supplier is important in order to receive raw materials at time and at right cost with best quality. Shareholders Shareholders are the important stakeholders of large companies. These are the significant parties as they can have an effect on the organization in many ways. For example: the shareholders can sue the company on wrongful acts. The organization must take shareholders in account because such parties can push the public limited company to a private limited company like PTCL.   Media The organization must take media into account while auditing the environmental factors of the organization. Wrong steps or statements taken and spoken by the organization can put itself into a situation. Bad publicity can be spread by the media. Sometime the media comes handy for the organization by promoting its products etc.   Competitors Competitors have to be taking into account as this micro environmental factor can help the organization to make fruitful decisions. The organization must keep keen eye on its competitors and should notice its practices. An important info can be received by the competitors that will help the organization. Publics: Publics are usually any groups that keeps stake in the organizations operational activities and objective accomplishment capabilities. Internal Publics, General Publics , Media Publics, Financial Publics, Government Publics etc. are the some types of publics. These must also be monitored while conducting environmental audit. Different Auditing techniques    Every business wants to know where it stands in the market along with the position of its competitors. For this purpose, following are some of the tools that help businesses for this purpose:   1) SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The SWOT analysis helps in knowing your strengths and weakness and also helps an organization figure out what its major threats are along with the areas where opportunities for success can be exploited.    2) Ansoffs Matrix: Ansoffs Matrix is used by for knowing the growth in the market. This matrix allows marketers to find ways for growing the business by existing and/or new products, in existing and/or new markets. This matrix helps companies decide what course of action should be taken given current performance of the company. It consists of four groups i.e. market penetration, product development, market development and diversification.   3) The Boston Consulting Group or BCG Matrix: BCG Matrix has two controlling aspect namely relative market share meaning relative to the competition and market growth. This matrix performs similarly to the Ansoff Matrix in that it lets the organization know the growth that is taking place within the market of a particular product.    4) Core Competencies: Core competencies are techniques that deliver value to the customer. It gives potential access to a extensive variety of markets. It should make an important contribution to the supposed customer benefits of the end product.    5) Gap analysis: Gap analysis helps the organization in knowing where they are now and where they want to be in the recent future with the help of deciding business strategies and tactics. There is a simple structure to be followed in Gap analysis:   The first step is to decide on which factors will Gap be judged on. For example, by market share, profit, sales and some other factor. The second step is to ask two questions; where are we now? And where do we want to be?    6) PEST analysis: The PEST analysis is used in the process of environmental scanning. It gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a helpful strategic tool for perceptive market growth or decline, potential, business position and direction for operations.  The Factors are:   Political factors Economical factors Social factors Technological factors 7) Value Chain Analysis: The value chain analysis is a technique used in knowing about the development of competitive advantages and the different activities, which help in creating value. The primary activities involved are inbound logistic, service, marketing and sales, operations etc and the support activities are technological development and human resource management.    P2: Apply organizational and environmental auditing techniques in a given situation. CHIEF BURGER Mission Statement: Chief will be a leading Pakistani owned fast food company that is committed to providing innovative products that are consumer and lifestyle focused. We will achieve this by meeting our customer expectations Chief Burger offers a wide and varied menu to customers specializing in quality burger chicken products. They now offer products that have appeal to all ages and tastes including the sizzling steak, Chicken cheese burger, special chief pizza and chicken chow Mein to name a few. SWOT PEST ANALYSIS OF CHIEF BURGER SWOT Analysi A SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture or in any situation of an organization requiring a decision in pursuit of an objective. It involves the monitoring of internal and external market environment to the organization. Strengths: Chief burgers has got strong corporate image and brand name because they are the pioneer of fast food in Peshawar Chief Burgers has got strong market share as compare to its competitors. It has got low prices for both high and middle class people Chief Burgers special cheese burger, chicken steak burger, are one of its strengths because no other restaurant in Peshawar provides these kinds of burger with such quality and low prices One of the strengths of Chief Burgers is its location because its located in the center of university road. It has equal distance from Hayatabad and sadder. Location of Chief Burgers is also a center of attraction due to Jawad Towers, City Towers. People come to shop and diner or lunch at near by in chief Chief Burgers has a competitive edge over others in prices because it has lower prices than its competitors which are KFC and Pizza Hut Chief Burgers has loyal and trust worthy customers Chief Burgers offers maximum number of food variety Chief Burgers has minimum advertising budget but still has largest market share Weaknesses: Chief Burgers is not providing home delivery It is not providing any packages for kids and students Chief Burgers is not paying any attention to its promotional mix There is no special services like Pizza Hut i.e. it serves the customers a pizza within 19 minutes failing which customers are offered a free pizza There is no female employee to serve females thats the reason why most females are unwilling to eat at chief There is no car parking area which discourages people who have their own transport There is no departments integration Chief Burgers isnt providing any kind of entertainment facilities for kids and teenagers Opportunities: Chief Burgers has the opportunity to open new outlets nation wide because of the finance available and brand name Chief Burgers can introduce home delivery system Chief Burgers can use media for its advertisements like giving ads at TV Channels Participation in exhibition and fun fairs by stalls at different schools, colleges and universities can increase the sales Better use of customer information by the use of databases and home deliveries Threats: The expansion of low cost super markets. Pizza hut and KFC are providing free home deliveries, providing the best service which is creating a good and strong quality image in the eyes of their customers. Increase of local restaurants providing great variety of local food, due to which chief is losing its new customers. Different union strikes affects the business of Chief Burgers Threats of different pressure groups and food inspectors Chief Burger PESTLE Factors PESTLE analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The headings of PEST are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can in addition to SWOT be applied by companies to review strategic directions, including marketing proposition. The use of PESTLE analysis can be seen effective for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. PESTLE also ensures that companys performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment PESTLE is useful when a company decides to enter its business operations into new markets and new countries. The use of PESTLE, in this case, helps to break free of unconscious assumptions, and help to effectively adapt to the realities of the new environment Political factor: Chief Burger is a member of chamber of commerce of Pakistan It has a valid license with patent protection The employee pay is not less than 5000 according to the ordinance of 2006 Being a member of chamber of commerce Chief Burger cant set prices below its productivity because of anti dumping legislations It repels monopoly market and creates a perfect market for its competition If competition comes in the market Chief Burger can not cover proper advertisement techniques as they lack in marketing department. In contrast the competitors (KFC, Pizza Hut) can cover it easily Chief Burger can easily cope with certain fluctuating political changes much better than other because its the member of chamber of commerce Economical factors: Chief Burger has an economical benefit of cheap labor Because of high inflation rate of consumer price index according to (http:www.world66.com)which is 15.8% results in the expenses of raw material and other supplies Per capita income according to www.pakpostive.com has decreased by 50% in the last two years. Therefore Chief Burger as a business is getting loss straight away through market sales Social factors: Chief Burger can not sell products which are banned in Islam like ham burgers and alcoholic drinks Due to the culture and traditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, most people dont like to hang out with families in restaurants which affects Chief Burgers sales Chief Burger inevitably built separate portion for families due to social trend Most people are used to eating conventional food like (Charsi Tikaa, Jalil Kabab) etc therefore the sales of chief burger is affected somewhat. Technological factors: Chief Burger uses two kinds of databases for record keeping and interpretations of data 1.MS SQL database system for main office 2.interpretation and simple calculation machine for daily record keeping and calculations Technologically Chief Burger has improved its revenue through internet reservations on website www.chief.com.pk in which information is given about the products portfolio Chief Burger uses the following cooking equipments effect of which is clear in the quality products it produces. 1-Hani Pani for pizza making 2-Electric Meat Grinder 3-Electric Cheese Smelter for pizza 4-Ice Machine Flakers 5-Electric Coffee Brewer 6-Electric Ovens 7-Electic Dish Washer Legal factors: It has a valid license with patent protection. They have valid license for fast food restaurant from local authorities. They have outstanding record in the book of food inspectors. Member of all frontier Hotel restaurant association. They have good coordination with local security organization, police etc for better security of citizens. They have valid work permit at the place Jawad plaza. They have proper contract with supplier, employees and other stakeholders. Environmental factors: The chief has very ethical way of business. They have neat and clean environment. Facilities of public hall as well as family hall according to the tradition of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are on the sound place in terms of environment (University road university town). Very friendly environment as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is known for hospitality. P3: Identify the main barriers to marketing planning BARRIER A barrier is an obstruction that prevents the coming-into-force of a exacting measure or causes holdup in its implementation. Barriers can be inflexible or flexible, the latter being able to be conquer given sufficient time or resources. Land use measures be likely to face more inflexible barriers than, say management or information measures. Types of barrier: Barriers can be moreover positive or negative. A positive barrier occurs when one of the objectives of the strategy limits the ability of a measure to accomplish other objectives. Environmental restraints are examples, and their burden could well improve the measure or its performance. By contrast, a negative barrier, such as insufficient legislation, may cause delays and surplus costs in the implementation of the measure. The negative barriers can be assembled into three categories: Legal and institutional: short of legal powers to put into practice a particular measure, and legal responsibilities which are crack between agencies, limiting the capability of the city authority to implement the exaggerated measure; Financial: budget restrictions warns the overall expenses on the strategy, financial restrictions on precise measures, and limitations on the elasticity with which revenues can be used to finance the full variety of measures; Political and cultural aspects: deficient of political or public acceptance of a measure, limits imposed by pressure groups, and cultural trait, such as attitudes to enforcement, which power the effectiveness of measures. Political barriers Governments from time to time place limitations on trade, preventing entry into the marketplace. Sometimes, governments make the trade in of certain goods unbeneficial by placing duties on the imports. Other times, governments do not let goods into the country at all. Duties are used by governments to defend developing industries that cannot yet compete with other industries abroad. Goods are banned for a variety of political causes. Occasionally the products are seen as harmful to the customers. Other political barriers are in retribution to barriers put by other countries. TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS Technology manipulates all aspects of a peoples life. Barriers in technology can be clear, like teachers who are deficient in funding and support, or people in countries with governments that inflict restriction by blocking complete asses to the Internet. Barriers can also be more revolutionary, like the commercialization of application and software which go beside the open-source collective strength that constrains technology to new heights. Financial barriers Standard of living often depends on the sum of money a person has to pay out and invest. Many ordinary activities that can get better ones standard of living, such as going to college, opening a business, buying a house, roving and buying a car, require a important amount of financial resources. When high expenses make a certain activity hard to afford, it is measured a financial barrier. Financial barriers can occur in many dissimilar contexts and have an effect on individuals, families and businesses. An individual can face a financial barrier any time, choose not to do something because of its cost. ECONOMIES OF SCALE The boost in  efficiency of production  as the numeral of goods  being produced raises.  Typically, a company that accomplishes economies of scale lowers the standard cost per unit through amplified production since fixed costs are shared over an increased number of merchandises.   Internal and External Economies of Scale Alfred Marshall made a difference between internal and external economies of scale. When a company decreases costs and increases production, internal economies of scale have been accomplished. External economies of scale arise outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industrys capacity of operations expands due to, for example, the formation of a better shipping network, resulting in a ensuing reduce in cost for a business working within that industry, external economies of scale are said to have been accomplished. With external ES, all firms within the industry will advantage. CUTURAL BARRIERS Cultures give people with customs of thinkingways of seeing, hearing and interpreting the world. Thus the similar words can mean dissimilar things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the same language. Stella Ting-Toomey describes 3 ways in which culture obstructs with effective cross-cultural understanding. Primary is what she named cognitive constraints. These are the edges of orientation or world analysis that gives a backdrop that all new information is evaluated to or inserted into. The 2nd one is behavior constraints. every culture has policies about appropriate manners which have an effect on spoken and nonverbal statement. Whether one seems the other individual in the eye-or not; whether one says what one means openly or talks around the matter; how close the people position to each other when they are talkingall of these and many more are regulations of politeness which vary from culture to culture. The third one is emotional constraints. Different cultures control the display of emotion in a different way. Some cultures get extremely arousing when they are discussing an issue.   They shout, they weep, they show their annoyance, fear, aggravation and other feelings explicitly. Other cultures attempt to remain their emotions concealed, exhibiting or sharing only the rational or truthful feature of the situation. SOCIAL BARRIERS Social barriers are simply layers that we have built around ourselves to protect us from the outside world, they are barriers we put up when meeting new people which protect us from being emotionally hurt when talking to others. Introverted people arent actually introverts at all, but rather extroverts who have many social barriers inside their head that stop them from saying certain things. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS An effective communication barrier is one of the troubles faced by many companies. Many social psychologists speak out that there is 50% to 70% loss of meaning while transforming the messages from a sender to a receiver. They approximate there are four basic places where communication could be understand wrongly. Little barriers of effective communication in an association are given below. Physical Barriers One of the main barriers of communication in a place of work is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in a company include large working areas that are physically alienated from others. Other interruptions that could cause a physical barrier in an association are the environment, background noise Language incapability to talk in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the utmost barrier to effective communication. When a person uses unsuitable words while conversing or writing, it could lead to confusion between the sender and a receiver. Emotions emotions might be a barrier to communication if you are absorbed in your emotions for several reasons. In such cases, you tend to have problem listening to others or accepting the message expressed to you. A small number of the emotional interferences include aggression, annoyance, resentfulness and terror. Lack of Subject Knowledge If an individual who sends a message shorts subject information then he may not be able to transmit his message obviously. The receiver could get the wrong idea of his message, and this could direct to a barrier to effective communication. Stress One of the key communication barriers faced by workers in most of the organization is stress. When an individual is under huge stress, he may find it hard to understand the message, foremost to communication deformation. At the point of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our viewpoints, experiences, objectives and principles. Thus, we fall short to understand the spirit of communication. P 4: Suggest how organizations may overcome barriers to marketing planning Planning is a logical sequence of events leading to the setting of marketing objectives and a formulation of plans for achieving them. The complexity of marketing planning means that when organizations embark on it, they should expect to encounter a number of organizational, attitudinal, process and cognitive problems. This essay is an attempt to outline some of those problems; however it is beyond this essay to clarify all possible barriers in implementing a marketing plan. CHIEF can overcome all these possible barriers to marketing planning by making objective, strategies, marketing plans and implementing those strategies. Manager need to instruct and demonstrate that how in cooperation they can achieve the strategies, shared the values of marketing, organizational structure should reflect customer groups and by undertaking effective process of marketing audit and techniques. M 1: Make an effective judgment  that how will the studied organization  audit the marketing environment The process of marketing audit is very broad and extensive in nature in a way that it includes almost all marketing related aspects. It basically includes marketing environment, marketing strategy, marketing organization, marketing systems, marketing mix, marketing productivity and profitability. CHIEF, a Pakistani owned fast food restaurant that is committed to providing high quality products to consumers and achieving this by customer expectations. The current position of CHEIF is good in Market also the CHEIF attract customers but have to do a lot. During our analysis and meeting with the manager (CHIEF), we come to know that CHIEF is not using any type of marketing audit techniques and they do not have any marketing specialized people and even they didnt studied their market right. They didnt undertake such common things like competitors strength, market share, opportunities, technological factors, threats economic factors etc. CHIEF is suffering a lot in the market because increasing of local restaurants providing great variety of local food, due to which chief is losing its new customers. CHIEF is not taking promotional aspect seriously for their products due to which they are loosing their customers because the lack of awareness. CHIEF main direct competitors are international fast food restaurants (Kfc, Pizza Hut) having a strong brand image and known for high quality products, providing pizzas in minimum time and locally direct competitors are Thames Burger, Masooms restaurant, Mr. Cod etc. The effects of direct customers are that these organizations are selling products that are similar in nature. There is a high level of competition in the market among those organizations in order to get more and more market share. The organization specializes in similar product line which forces the organization to produce more quality in the products and sell at low prices The indirect competitors of CHIEF are Shiraz Restaurants, Lasania, Usmania, Balana, Charsi Tikka Shop, Dawat, Namak Mandi Food Street etc The indirect competitors effect the competition. These businesses provide similar items that can satisfy the need of the customers  I-e appetite. So it extends the competition level even more as the organization starts struggle to grab more and more market share and increase its selling. CHIEF is heavily struggling in order to take market le

Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay -- Civil Rights

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. The law said that black people had to sit in the back of the bus while the the white people sat in the front. Bus drivers often referred to black people on the bus as nigger, black cow, or black ape. Blacks had to pay in the front of the bus and they had to get off to go threw the side door to sit in the back. Dr. Martin Luther King jr., was born on January 15,1929 but died April 4, 1968. Martin king attended segregated public schools in Georgia. Dr. king was so smart that he graduated from high school at the age of 15 and got a B.A degree in 1948 from an all time best black college back then named Morehouse. When Dr. King went to Boston he met and married Coretta Scott. Rosa Parks was born Rosa McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama. No one really knew about her childhood, they only knew about the how she refused to give up her seat to a white man on the bus. The boycott first started when Rosa Parks didn?t give up her seat after asked about two or three times. Rosa Parks is known for touching off the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 that led to the extreme popularity of Dr. King. The Montgomery improvement association, which is best known as the M.I.A, organized a car pool of nearly three hundred cars to drive people that need transportation. The sprit and the unity of the Negro community was stronger than it had ever been. Many African-Americans prayed for this day to come for years until Rosa Parks made that happen. The Montgomery boycott officially started on December 1, 1955 and that same month but in the year of 1949 movement to desegregate the buss started. The movement started on the day in 1949 when a black profes... ...osa parks also had an unpublished speech about the boycott and setting her people ( blacks) free. Jo Ann Robinson was the one who tried to help Rosa parks but she didn?t succeed. She was an educated woman, a professor at the all-black Alabama state college and a member of the women?s political council in Montgomery. On November 13, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional. The boycott had several important results and one of the best results was and still is, is that blacks and whites and other race?s can sit anywhere and together on the bus. They can even go to the same school together. The Montgomery bus boycott segregation on Montgomery buses led to the founding of the SCLC and today there are so many people still talking about it. A few churches in Alabama thanked everyone that was part of the march and that ended the boycott for good.

Religion Makes Women Subservient to Men

Annelore Wolfelt World Religions Mr. Rocco Final Essay: â€Å"Religion Makes Women Subservient to Men† The differences between â€Å"eastern† and â€Å"western† religions are many and varied but there are some fundamental similarities within all religions. One of the common threads that run through almost every religion is that women are made to be subservient to men. The need to control and dominate women is found in both â€Å"eastern† and â€Å"western† religions. Confucianism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam all discriminate against women (to varying degrees), by placing women beneath men.Each religion states the need for male dominance over women as a divine order that must and will be obeyed. Women are not featured much in the Bhagavad Gita except as a reference to something else. Therefore based off of classroom sacred text alone it is hard to tell what women’s status is in Hinduism. Although one may look at the lack of women in sacr ed scripture as an obvious sign that women mustn’t be very important if they aren’t even worth mentioning. However in the Laws of Manu, another Hindu scripture, women are briefly referred to.It states that it is women’s nature to â€Å"seduce men in this (world); for that reason the wise are never unguarded in (the company of) females† (2:213). â€Å"For women are able to lead astray in (this) world not only a fool, but even a learned man, and (to make) him a slave of desire and anger† (2:214). Fear of being seduced by a woman and becoming powerless to her is a contributing factor to the need men have to dominate women. This fear that men have of women’s sensuality is a common thread throughout other religions and cultures. Men’s need to control women might stem from the fear that they themselves can be easily controlled by women.In Confucianism we find the idea of equality between men, but that equality is based on a social hierarchy organized by the Five Constant Relationships: 1) sovereign to subjects, 2) father to son, 3) husband to wife, 4) older brother to younger brother and 5) friend to friend (Smith 175). This hierarchy establishes relations of dependency between men, including the duty to offer respect and obedience from those in a lesser position to those in a higher position, as well as the duty to show benevolence from those who hold a position of power over those who don't.The relation between the husband and wife shows the position of the woman as one dominated by the husband within the marriage. In all of the other relationships age and social standing is what decides who will hold the position of power within the relationship. But in the relationship between males and females, age and social standing don’t play the deciding factor of power in the relationship, gender does. By merely being a woman she is automatically given the role of obedience instead of one of power.But in all fairness Confucianism does not show the systematic discrimination against women that is found in western religions. In Christianity women are blatantly made to be the weaker sex. â€Å"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord. †(Colossians 3:18). â€Å"Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing. (1 Timothy 2:11-15) Christians put the full blame of the Fall of Man on Eve, (and therefore all women). Because of this women are seen as easily corruptible and in need of the rule of man. Merely being born a female is seen as some sort of penalty: â€Å"if a woman have conceived seed, and born a man child: then she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean. † (Leviticus 12:2) â€Å"But if she bears a maid child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her separation: and shall continue in the blood of her purifying threescore and six days. (Leviticus 12:5) Since its beginning Christianity has sought to dominate and discriminate women, and it continues to this day with women fighting for their reproductive rights against the Catholic Church. The West has (hypocritically) accused Islam of degrading women, chiefly because Islam permits plurality of wives. But the reality is that Islam gave more rights to women by making a stronger emphasis on the sanctity of marriage, giving girls rights to inheritance and outlawing female infanticide. But that is as far as Islam got to giving females any sort of ‘equality’.Islam states that there is no equality between men and women: â€Å"The wives have rights corresponding to those which the husbands have, according to what is recognized to be fa ir, but men have a rank above them. † (Quran 2:228) Women are still expected to be obedient to men and to serve them out of fear of punishment. â€Å"So virtuous women are obedient and guard in the husband’s absence what God would have them guard. As for those whom you apprehend infidelity, admonish them, then refuse to share their beds, and finally hit them. † (Quran 4:34) Women are not even considered human beings but a man’s property: â€Å"Your wives are your fields.Go, then, into your fields as you will. † (Quran 2:223) The mere fact that women must cover themselves when they are in the presences of males so as to not tempt men (Quran 24:31) puts all of the responsibility on the woman instead of the man. I find it ironic that it is the woman’s fault for being desirable and not the man’s fault for having no self-control. As Simone de Beauvoir said in her book The Second Sex, â€Å"Man enjoys the great advantage of having a god end orse the code he writes; and since man exercises a sovereign authority over women it is especially fortunate that this authority has been vested in him by the Supreme Being.For the Jews, Mohammedans and Christians among others, man is master by divine right; the fear of God will therefore repress any impulse towards revolt in the downtrodden female. † When I am asked if I belong to any religion I say, â€Å"No. † As a female I don’t want to belong to an institution that routinely discriminates, dominates, and exploits women the way these four religions do. Works Cited The Bhagavad Gita. Ed. Betty Radice. Trans. Juan Mascaro. London: Penguin Books, 1962. Print. The New Testament of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.A Revision of the Challoner-Rheims Version. Edited by Catholic Scholars Under the Patronage of The Episcopal Committee of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine. New Jersey: St. Anthony Guild Press Paterson, 1941. Print. Laws of Manu. Trans. George Buhl er. Sacred Texts Archive, 2011. Web. 1 June 2012. http://www. sacred-texts. com/hin/manu. htm Quran. Ed. Farida Khanam. Trans. Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2009. Print Smith, H. The World’s Religions. New York: Harper One, 1991. Print.

Shizukos Daughter essays

Shizuko's Daughter essays Shizukos Daughter, a novel written by Kyoki Mori, is about a bold and brilliant twelve-year-old Yuki Okundo who suffers the loss of her mother by suicide. Shizuko, Yukis mother, is a loving mother with artistic talents that she has passed on to her daughter. Yukis ability to survive many losses is tested by many factors, but mainly by her heartless father and his new wife. Yukis coming of age is the result of the attack on her mothers memory, her father and stepmothers actions, mothers memory, and her mothers suicide. Yuki grows up strong and capable, and Shizuko has encouraged her daughter to be bold. Yuki fights boys and studies piano and she is also an outstanding student. Shizuko writes in her suicide note, "I do not do this rashly, but after much consideration. This is the best for all of us. Please do not feel guilty in any way. What has happened is entirely my responsibility. This is the best for myself as well as for you. I am almost happy at this last hour and wish you to be. In spite of this, please believe I love you. People will tell you that Ive done this because of I do not love you. Dont listen to them. When you grow up to be a strong women, you will know that this was for the best. My only concern now is that you will be the first to find me. Im sorry. Call your father at work and let him take care of everything. You are a strong person; you will no doubt get over this and be brilliant women. Dont let me stop or delay you. I love you." (Mori 6) Once Shizuko is gone there are many things that threaten Yuki's development. She must tolerate the harassing on her mothers memory, first by her Aunt Aya who removes the possessions of her dead mother, and then by the bitter Hanae. On the day of the funeral, Yuki takes shelter in her closet filled with colorful clothing all made for her by Shizuko. In her closet, with the sou...

buy custom The Project Manager essay

buy custom The Project Manager essay Home building project needs a combination of efforts in order to accomplish the set goals. It should work with limited time or with a set deadline. The financial allocation should be done before the contractors hiring. Many specialists are involved in the construction, since different tasks must be implemented in this process. In this project, JK Inc got the home building contract, and because they can not work independently the need for outsourcing services from other companies is required. They need an electrician from LL VANCE Electric, a plummer/pipefitter from Claydon Plumbing, a constructor from LDJ Construction Company and HVAC from JCI. The work will be supervised by the Project Manager from JK Inc. The involvement of such professionals will ensure the continuation of work and its successful completion. These specialists have different skills and role to play in the construction (Ierley, 1999). JCI (HVAC) The cooling devices and temperature control in the building will be established by the HVAC. The devices for ventilation, air conditioner and air spaces need some area in the building. The HVAC should have relevant education and experience of such devices installation (Ierley, 1999). JK Inc (Project Manager) The Project Manager deals with the business connected with the project in order to get carried in an appropriate manner. This is a person in charge and he gives the instructions of what and when should be done. All project managers are skilled and experienced in the activity and work they perform. All companies screen an individual before employment in order to hire skillful employees. Project Manager should have an appropriate education in construction or an Engineering Degree plus a Postgraduate Diploma in Project Management. The Project Manager is responsible for coordinating and supervision of all activities during the home building process. The implementation of policies and procedures for other employees and work is doe by the Project Manager (Swenson, 1995). The Project Manager should possess leadership skills, problem-solving skills, written communication skills, organizing skills and interact interpersonally. The Project Manager should have Computer and Microsoft Office knowledge in order to prepare and save projects and work plan in the computer for easy operation. All these personal attributes of the Project Manager help the home building task to reach the success. All above mentioned skills enable a person to lead and give directives to other workers, but if the person is irresponsible, the task cannot be executed effectively (Ierley, 1999). JD Sprinkler CO (Landscaping) The landscaping professionals select the appropriate space and place to construct the house. They design the house and select the location for the construction considering the physical features which can cause insecurity of the building. The professionals should have four-year experience and a Diploma in Landscaping Engineering. They guarantee that the buildings will last for long, and no destruction can occur (Swenson, 1995). LDJ Construction Company (construction) The construction company has the mandate of providing the constructors and provision of labor during the building process. The casual worker should come from the construction company. Materials like bricks, cement, water must be supplied by the contractors and they have to be sure that the ratio of concrete is appropriate and meets the construction standards. The contractor should have a minimum of five-year experience and should have constructed a home and two commercial buildings. The workers of the contractor company should have a Diploma in Civil Engineering and possess the computer skills (Ierley, 1999). LL VANCE Electric (electrician) The contractor company will provide an electrician to implement the electrical servicess like wiring in the house. The electrician executes his work after the building has been completed, he installs the electrical cables in it. The electrician must have a Diploma in Electrical Engineering and a Registration Certificate to make sure the person is authorized by the government and is allowed to handle electrical issue. The electrician should have three-year experience in dealing with electrical wiring. Other skills required for the electrician include sound mind, computer literate, punctual, honest, excellent communication and written skills, should have a good command of written English. After the completion of wiring, the electrician will test the power and make sure the house has enough supply of electricity, and all rooms and compound have light (Ierley, 1999). Clayton Plumbing (Plummer/Pipefitter). The services of the plummer/pipefitter are required at the end after the building has been constructed. The fitting of pipes must be done along the wall, and the plummer provides these services. The house will need water pipes and sewage connection. The plummer should have five-year experience in this field and should have obtained a Certificate in Plumbing. Other skills can include sound mind, good communication skills and fluent in both written and communication English. The plummer will ensure enough water supply in the house and the sewage flow in the wash-rooms and kitchen. In case of sewage blockage, the plummer should offer free services for three years of unblocking the blocked pipes (Swenson, 1995). Conclusion All these professionals must be involved in order to make a permanent building which can not be destroyed by natural disaster. The contraction should be financed properly before the beginning because many buildings are contracted poorly due to lack of money to finance the project. The service providers should have relevant education and experience. This ensures high quality work and if professionals are well paid, they always make acceptable job. 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